PIC10F Simulator IDE BASIC Compiler Reference Manual

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PIC10F Simulator IDE
BASIC Compiler Reference Manual

Table Of Contents:

General info
Show Warnings, Do Not Compile Unused Code, Initialize Variables On Declaration,

About variables
Dim, As, Bit, Byte, Word, Reserve, .HB, .LB, Symbol, True, False, Const, ASM, WREG,

Mathematical and logical operations
Mod, Sqr, Not, And, Or, Xor, Nand, Nor, Nxor, High, Low, Toggle,

Standard Basic language elements
Goto, For, To, Step, Next, Exit For, While, Wend, If, Then, Else, Endif, Select Case, Case, EndSelect, Halt,

Subroutines
End, Gosub, Return,

Microcontroller related language elements
Config, Input, Output, AllDigital, Define, CONF_WORD, OSCCAL_VALUE, CLOCK_FREQUENCY,

Special Basic language elements
WaitMs, WaitUs, SIMULATION_WAITMS_VALUE, Break, ShiftLeft, ShiftRight, LookUp, Count, COUNT_REG, COUNT_BIT, COUNT_MODE, FreqOut, FREQOUT_REG, FREQOUT_BIT,

Structured language support (procedures and functions)
Proc, End Proc, Call, Exit, Function, End Function, Include,

Using internal A/D converter module
Adcin, ADC_CLOCK, ADC_SAMPLEUS,

Software UART implementation
SEROUT_DELAYUS, SEROUT_REG, SEROUT_BIT, SEROUT_BAUD, Serout, SERIN_REG, SERIN_BIT, SERIN_BAUD, Serin, CrLf, Lf, SeroutInv, SerinInv,

I2C communication with external I2C devices
I2C_SDA_REG, I2C_SDA_BIT, I2C_SCL_REG, I2C_SCL_BIT, I2CWrite, I2CRead, I2CWrite1, I2CRead1, I2CREAD_DELAYUS, I2CCLOCK_STRETCH, I2CPrepare, I2CStart, I2CStop, I2CSend, I2CRecA (I2CReceiveAck), I2CRecN (I2CReceiveNAck),

Support for Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) communication
SPI_SCK_REG, SPI_SCK_BIT, SPI_SDI_REG, SPI_SDI_BIT, SPI_SDO_REG, SPI_SDO_BIT, SPI_CS_REG, SPI_CS_BIT, SPICLOCK_INVERT, SPICS_INVERT, SPICLOCK_STRETCH, SPIPrepare, SPICSOn, SPICSOff, SPISend, SPIReceive, SPISendBits,

Interfacing Radio Control (R/C) servos
ServoIn, ServoOut,

Interfacing Stepper Motors
STEP_A_REG, STEP_A_BIT, STEP_B_REG, STEP_B_BIT, STEP_C_REG, STEP_C_BIT, STEP_D_REG, STEP_D_BIT, STEP_MODE, StepHold, StepCW, StepCCW,

● General info

Basic compiler editor is composed of editor panel (for user program editing) and source explorer (for easy navigation through all elements of user program - variables, symbols, constants, subroutines, procedures and functions). Editor formats and colorizes entered lines of user program, that simplifies the debugging process.

The primary output of the compiler is an assembler source file. However, with an appropriate command from the menu it can be assembled and even loaded in the simulator with a single click. Menu commands and options are rich, as well as the commands from the right-click popup menus for the editor and source explorer. Basic compiler's assembler output contains many useful comment lines, that makes it very helpful for educational purposes, also.

Show Warnings
If Show Warnings option is enabled, in the Warnings window Basic compiler will show information about unused declarations, subroutines, procedures and functions in the user basic program.

Do Not Compile Unused Code
If this option is enabled, Basic compiler will not compile unused declarations, subroutines, procedures and functions, in order to save memory resources.

Initialize Variables On Declaration
If this option is enabled, Basic compiler will reset to zero all memory locations allocated for variables, at the position of their declaration in the basic program. This option is useful for beginners, because RAM memory is filled with random values at device power-up, and it is easy to make a mistake to assume that all variables are reset to zero at power-up. Experienced users can save some program memory, by disabling this option and taking control of variable initial values by user program where necessary.

● About variables

Three data types are supported:
Bit - 1-bit, 0 or 1
Byte - 1-byte integers in the range 0 to 255
Word - 2-byte integers in the range 0 to 65,535

Variables can be global (declared in the main program, before the End statement) or local (declared in subroutines, procedures and functions). Variable name used for a variable with global scope can be used again for local variable names. The compiler will reserve separate memory locations for them. The total number of variables is limited by the available microcontroller RAM memory. Variables are declared using DIM statement:
   Dim i As Bit
   Dim j As Byte
   Dim k As Word

If necessary, variable address can be specified during declaration:
   Dim x As Byte @ 0x1f

Using arrays of variables is not available in PIC10F basic compiler.

RESERVE statement allows advanced usage by reserving some of the RAM locations to be used by in-code assembler routines or by MPLAB In-Circuit Debugger. For example:
   Reserve 0x1f

High and low byte of a Word variable can be addressed by .HB and .LB extensions. Individual bits can be addressed by .0, .1, ..., .14 and .15 extensions. It is possible to make conversions between Byte and Word data types using .LB and .HB extensions or directly:
   Dim x As Byte
   Dim y As Word
   x = y.HB
   x = y.LB  'This statement is equivalent to x = y
   y.HB = x
   y.LB = x
   y = x  'This statement will also clear the high byte of y variable

All special function registers (SFRs) are available as Byte variables in basic programs. Although not mapped in SFR memory, OPTION, TRISGPIO, TRISB and TRISC registers can be used as write-only Byte variables. Individual bits of a Byte variable can be addressed by .0, .1, .2, .3, .4, .5, .6 and .7 extensions or using official names of the bits:
   Dim x As Bit
   Dim y As Byte
   x = y.7
   y.6 = 1
   TRISGPIO.1 = 0
   TRISB = 0
   PORTB.1 = 1
   PORTB = 255
   STATUS.C = 0
   OPTION.PSA = 0

Standard short forms for accessing port registers and individual chip pins are also available (RB and RC can be used as Byte variables; GP0, GP1, GP2, ..., RB0, RB1, RB2, ..., RC6, RC7 are available as Bit variables):
   RB = 0xff
   GP0 = 1

It is possible to use symbolic names (symbols) in programs, to easily address system variables. Symbols can be global or local. SYMBOL directive is used to declare symbolic names:
   Symbol led1 = PORTB.0
   led1 = 1

Constants can be used in decimal number system with no special marks, in hexadecimal number system with leading 0x notation (or with H at the end) and in binary system with leading % mark (or with B at the end). Keywords True and False are also available for Bit type constants. For example:
   Dim x As Bit
   Dim y As Byte
   x = True
   y = 0x55
   y = %01010101

Constants can be assigned to symbolic names using CONST directive. Constants can be global or local. One example:
   Dim x As Word
   Const high = 1023
   x = high

It is possible to use comments in basic source programs. The comments must begin with single quote symbol (') and may be placed anywhere in the program.

Lines of assembler source code may be placed anywhere in basic source program and must begin with ASM: prefix. For example:
   ASM:        NOP
   ASM:LABEL1: MOVLW 0xFF

Symbolic names of global declared variables can be used in assembler routines because proper variable address will be assigned to those names by EQU directive:
   Dim varname As Byte
   varname = 0
   ASM:        MOVLW 0xFF
   ASM:        MOVWF VARNAME

When working with inline assembler code, it could be useful to use working register as a source or destination in assign statements. For that purpose WREG keyword should be used and the compiler will take care of the bank control:
   Dim varname As Byte
   ASM:        MOVLW 0xFF
   varname = WREG

● Mathematical and logical operations

Five arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /, MOD) are available for integer data types. The compiler is able to compile all possible complex arithmetic expressions, including those containing math functions and user defined functions. For example:
   Dim i As Word
   Dim j As Word
   Dim x As Word
   i = 123
   j = i * 234
   x = 2
   x = (j * x - 12345) / (i + x)

Square root of a integer number (0-65535 range) can be calculated using SQR function:
   Dim x As Word
   x = 3600
   x = Sqr(x)

For Bit data type variables seven logical operations are available. It is possible to make only one logical operation in one single statement. Logical operations are also available for other variable types. For example:
Example 1:
   Dim i As Bit
   Dim j As Bit
   Dim x As Bit
   x = Not i
   x = i And j
   x = i Or j
   x = i Xor j
   x = i Nand j
   x = i Nor j
   x = i Nxor j

Example 2:
   Dim x As Word
   Dim y As Word
   x = x Or y
   PORTB = PORTC And %11110000

There are three statements that are used for bit manipulation - HIGH, LOW and TOGGLE. If the argument of these statements is a bit in one of the PORT registers (or GPIO), then the same bit in the corresponding TRIS register is automatically cleared, setting the affected pin as an output pin. Some examples:
   High PORTB.0
   Low GP1

● Standard Basic language elements

Unconditional jumps are performed by GOTO statement. It uses line label name as argument. Line labels can be global or local. Line labels must be followed by colon mark ':'. Here is one example:
   Dim x As Word
   x = 0
   loop: x = x + 1
   Goto loop

Four standard BASIC structures are supported: FOR-TO-STEP-NEXT, WHILE-WEND, IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF and SELECT CASE-CASE-ENDSELECT. Here are several examples:
Example 1:
   Dim x As Byte
   TRISB = 0
   x = 255
   While x > 0
      PORTB = x
      x = x - 1
      WaitMs 100
   Wend
   PORTB = x

Example 2:
   TRISB = 0
   loop:
      If PORTC.0 Then
         PORTB.0 = 1
      Else
         PORTB.0 = 0
      Endif
   Goto loop

Example 3:
   Dim x As Word
   TRISB = 0
   For x = 0 To 10000 Step 10
      PORTB = x.LB
   Next x

Example 4:
   Dim i As Byte
   Dim j As Byte
   Dim x As Byte
   j = 255
   x = 2
   TRISB = 0
   For i = j To 0 Step -x
      PORTB = i
   Next i

Example 5:
   Dim x As Byte
   loop:
      Select Case x
      Case 255
         x = 1
      Case <= 127
         x = x + 1
      Case Else
         x = 255
      EndSelect
   Goto loop

For statement will accept all available variable types for the running variable. Exit For statement provides a way to exit a For-Next loop. It transfers control to the statement following the Next statement.

After IF-THEN statement in the same line can be placed almost every other possible statement and then ENDIF is not used. There are no limits for the number of nested statements of any kind. In the test expressions of IF-THEN and WHILE statements it is possible to use multiple ORed and multiple ANDed conditions. Six standard comparison operators are available: =, <>, >, >=, <, <=. Multiple comma separated conditions can be used with CASE statements, also.

If there is a need to insert an infinite loop in basic program, that can be done with HALT statement.

● Subroutines

Structured programs can be written using subroutine calls with GOSUB statement that uses line label name as argument. Return from a subroutine is performed by RETURN statement. User need to take care that the program structure is consistent. When using subroutines, main routine need to be ended with END statement. END statement is compiled as an infinite loop. Some basic statements using more than one stack level can not be used in subroutines. The compiler will display an appropriate error message. Calling subroutines from a subroutine is not allowed. Here is an example:
   Symbol ad_action = ADCON0.GO
   Symbol display = PORTC
   TRISC = %00000000
   TRISB = %00111111
   ADCON0 = 0xf0
   High ADCON0.ADON
   main:
      Gosub getadresult
      display = ADRES / 4
   Goto main
   End

   getadresult:
   High ad_action
   While ad_action
   Wend
   Return

● Microcontroller related language elements

Microcontroller ports and pins can be configured as inputs or outputs by assigning proper values to TRISx registers or their bits. That task can also be accomplished by a CONFIG statement. Its syntax is apparent from the following examples:
   Config PORTB = Output
   Config GP0 = Output
   Config PORTC.3 = Input
   Config GPIO = Input

All PIC microcontrollers that feature analog capabilities (A/D converters and/or analog comparators) are setup at power-up to use the involved pins for these analog purposes. In order to use those pins as digital input/outputs, they should be setup for digital use by changing the values in some of the special functions registers as specified by the datasheets. To setup all pins for digital purposes, ALLDIGITAL statement can be used at the beginning of the basic program.

There is a configuration word parameter CONF_WORD that can be set using DEFINE directive to override the default value. If it is necessary to calibrate the internal oscillator by changing the default value in the OSCCAL register (0xFE), there is OSCCAL_VALUE parameter available for that purpose. The clock frequency of the target device can be specified by setting the CLOCK_FREQUENCY parameter (the value is expressed in MHz). These parameters should be setup at the beginning of the basic program. For example:
   Define CONF_WORD = 0x008
   Define OSCCAL_VALUE = 0xfe
   Define CLOCK_FREQUENCY = 4

● Special Basic language elements

WAITMS and WAITUS statements can be used to force program to wait for the specified number of milliseconds or microseconds. It is also possible to use variable argument of Byte or Word data type. These routines use Clock Frequency parameter that can be changed from the Options menu. WAITUS routine has minimal delay and step that also depend on the Clock Frequency parameter.
   Dim x As Word
   x = 100
   WaitMs x
   WaitUs 50

Important Note: When writing programs for real PIC devices you will most likely use delay intervals that are comparable to 1 second or 1000 milliseconds. Many examples in this help file also use such 'real-time' intervals. But, if you want to simulate those programs you have to be very patient to see something to happen, even on very powerful PCs available today. For simulation of 'WaitMs 1000' statement on 4MHz you have to wait the simulator to simulate 1000000 instructions and it will take considerable amount of time even if 'extremely fast' simulation rate is selected. So, just for the purpose of simulation you should recompile your programs with adjusted delay intervals, that should not exceed 1-10ms. But, be sure to recompile your program with original delays before you download it to a real device. There is an easy way to change arguments of all WAITMS statements in a large basic program with a value in the range 1-10 for simulation purposes. With one line of code setting parameter SIMULATION_WAITMS_VALUE with DEFINE directive, the arguments of all WAITMS statements in the program will be ignored and the specified value will be used instead during compiling. Setting the value 0 (default) for this parameter (or omitting the whole line) will cancel its effect and the compiled code will be ready again for the real hardware.

It is possible to insert breakpoints for the simulator directly in basic programs using BREAK statement. It is compiled as reserved opcode 0x001 and the simulator will interpret this opcode as a breakpoint and switch the simulation rate to Step By Step.

SHIFTLEFT and SHIFTRIGHT functions can be used to shift bit-level representation of a variable left and right. The first argument is input variable and the second argument is number of shifts to be performed. Here are two examples:
Example 1:
   TRISB = 0x00
   PORTB = %00000011

   goleft:
      WaitMs 250
      PORTB = ShiftLeft(PORTB, 1)
      If PORTB = %00110000 Then Goto goright
   Goto goleft

   goright:
      WaitMs 250
      PORTB = ShiftRight(PORTB, 1)
      If PORTB = %00000011 Then Goto goleft
   Goto goright

Example 2:
   TRISB = 0x00
   PORTB = %00000001

   goleft:
      WaitMs 250
      PORTB = ShiftLeft(PORTB, 1)
      If PORTB.5 Then Goto goright
   Goto goleft

   goright:
      WaitMs 250
      PORTB = ShiftRight(PORTB, 1)
      If PORTB.0 Then Goto goleft
   Goto goright

LOOKUP function can be used to select one from the list of Byte constants, based on the value in the index Byte variable, that is supplied as the last separated argument of the function. The first constant in the list has index value 0. The selected constant will be loaded into the result Byte data type variable. The index variable must contain the value in the proper range. Here is one small example:
   Dim index As Byte
   Dim mask As Byte
   TRISB = %00000000
   loop:
      For index = 0 To 3
         mask = LookUp(0x21, 0x82, 0x0c, 0x82), index
         PORTB = mask
         WaitMs 1000
      Next index
   Goto loop

If all constants in the list (or part of them) are ASCII values, then shorter form of the list can be created by using string arguments. For example:
   mask = LookUp("ABCDEFGHIJK"), index

If it is necessary to count the number of pulses that come to one of the micrcontroller's pins during a certain period of time, there is COUNT statement available for that purpose. The selected pin is defined using DEFINE directive to setup COUNT_REG and COUNT_BIT parameters. COUNT statement will setup the pin as an input pin. It has two arguments. The first one defines the duration of the observation expressed in milliseconds and it must be a numeric constant in the range 1-10000. The second argument is a Byte or Word variable where the counted number of pulses will be stored after its execution. COUNT statement uses internal Timer0 peripheral module. There is COUNT_MODE parameter available that can be setup with DEFINE directive. If it is set to value 1 (default value) COUNT statement will count the number of rising pulse edges. If COUNT_MODE = 2, the number of falling edges will be counted.
   Define COUNT_REG = PORTB
   Define COUNT_BIT = 0
   Define COUNT_MODE = 1
   Dim num_of_pulses As Word
   Count 1000, num_of_pulses

FREQOUT statement can be used to generate a train of pulses (sound tone) with constant frequency and specified duration on the pin that is defined with FREQOUT_REG and FREQOUT_BIT parameters using DEFINE directive. The statement will setup the pin as an output pin. The first argument specify the tone frequency and it must be a constant in the range 1-10000Hz. The second argument defines the tone duration and it also must be a numeric constant in the range 1-10000ms. Choosing higher tone frequencies with low microcontroller clock frequency used may result in somewhat inaccurate frequency of the generated tones. FREQOUT statement can be alternatively used in 'variable mode' with Word data type variables instead of constants as arguments. In this mode of usage the first argument is supposed to hold the half-period of the tone (in microseconds) and the second argument must hold the total number of pulses that will be generated. FREQOUT statement can not be used in subroutines. The following code will generate one second long tone on RB0 pin with 600Hz frequency:
   Define FREQOUT_REG = PORTB
   Define FREQOUT_BIT = 0
   FreqOut 600, 1000

● Structured language support (procedures and functions)

Procedures can be declared with PROC statement. They can contain up to 5 arguments (comma separated list) and all available data types can be used for argument variables. Argument variables are declared locally, so they do not need to have unique names in relation to the rest of user basic program, that makes very easy to re-use once written procedures in other basic programs. The procedures can be exited with EXIT statement. They must be ended with END PROC statement and must be placed after the END statement in program. Calls to procedures are implemented with CALL statement. The list of passed arguments can contain both variables and numeric constants. For example:
   Dim x As Byte
   TRISB = 0
   For x = 0 To 255
      Call portb_display(x)
      WaitMs 100
   Next x
   End

   Proc portb_display(arg1 As Byte)
   PORTB = arg1
   End Proc

All facts stated for procedures are valid for functions, also. Functions can be declared with FUNCTION statement. They can contain up to 5 arguments and argument variables are declared locally. Functions can be exited with EXIT statement and must be ended with END FUNCTION. The name of the function is declared as a global variable, so if the function is called with CALL statement, after its execution the function variable will contain the result. Standard way of function calls in assignment statements can be used, also. One simple example:
   Dim x As Byte
   Dim y As Word
   For x = 0 To 255
      y = square(x)
   Next x
   End

   Function square(arg1 As Word) As Word
   square = arg1 * arg1
   End Function

Basic source code from an external file can be included to the current program by using INCLUDE directive. Its only argument is a string containing the path to the external .BAS file. This can be the full path or only the file name, if the external file is located in the same folder as the current basic program file. During the compilation process the external basic source will be appended to the current program. Multiple files can be included with separate INCLUDE directives. To maintain the overall basic code structure, it is strongly suggested that the external file contains global declarations, subroutines, procedures and functions, only. Here is one very simple example for the demonstration:
main.bas:
   Dim i As Word
   Dim j As Word

   Include "inc1.bas"
   Include "inc2.bas"

   For i = 1 To 10
      j = func1(i, 100)
      Call proc1(j)
   Next i
   End

inc1.bas:
   Dim total As Word

   Proc proc1(i As Word)
   total = total + i
   End Proc

inc2.bas:
   Function func1(i As Word, j As Word) As Word
   func1 = i + j
   End Function

● Using internal A/D converter module

ADCIN statement is available as a support for internal A/D converter. Its first argument is ADC channel number and the second argument is a variable that will be used to store the result of A/D conversion. ADCIN statement uses two parameters ADC_CLOCK and ADC_SAMPLEUS that have default values 3 and 20 (for some PIC models ADC_CLOCK parameter is not available). These default values can be changed using DEFINE directive. ADC_CLOCK parameter determines the choice for ADC clock source (allowed range is 0-3, if the parameter is available). ADC_SAMPLEUS parameter sets the desired ADC acquisition time in microseconds (0-255). ADCIN statement presupposes that the corresponding pin is configured as an analog input (TRIS register and ANSx bits in ADCON0 register). ADCIN statement can not be used in subroutines. Here is one example:
   Dim adresult1 As Byte
   Dim adresult2 As Byte
   Define ADC_SAMPLEUS = 50
   ADCON0.ANS0 = 1
   ADCON0.ANS1 = 1
   TRISGPIO = 0x0f
   Adcin 0, adresult1
   Adcin 1, adresult2

● Software UART implementation

On all supported PIC devices software serial communication can be implemented with SEROUT and SERIN statements. Prior to using SEROUT statement, SEROUT_REG, SEROUT_BIT and SEROUT_BAUD parameters should be setup with DEFINE directive to define microcontroller serial output pin and output baud rate selection. The analogous parameters for SERIN statement are SERIN_REG, SERIN_BIT and SERIN_BAUD. Available values for baud rate parameters are 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 and 19200. Using higher baud rates with low clock frequency could cause framing errors. SEROUT statement is followed by the list of arguments to be sent to serial port. You can use strings, LF keyword for Line Feed character or CRLF keyword for Carriage Return - Line Feed sequence, constants and variables. Prefix '#' used in other PIC compilers to send the decimal representation of a variable to the serial port is not available in this compiler due to only two stack levels featured in the supported devices. SEROUT statement uses SEROUT_DELAYUS parameter that has default value of 1000 microseconds. This defines the delay interval before a character is actually sent to the port and it is used to increase the reliability of software SEROUT routine. SERIN statement should be supplied with the list of Byte and Word variables to be loaded with the values received on serial port. This statement will wait until the required number of bytes is received on serial port. For serial interface with inverted logic levels there are SERININV and SEROUTINV statements available. These four statements can not be used in subroutines. Some examples:
Example 1:
   Define SEROUT_REG = GPIO
   Define SEROUT_BIT = 0
   Define SEROUT_BAUD = 1200
   Serout "Hello world!", CrLf

Example 2:
   Define SEROUT_DELAYUS = 500
   Define SEROUT_REG = PORTB
   Define SEROUT_BIT = 1
   Define SEROUT_BAUD = 9600
   Define SERIN_REG = PORTB
   Define SERIN_BIT = 2
   Define SERIN_BAUD = 9600

   Dim i As Byte
   Dim j As Byte

   loop:
      Serin i
      j = i + 48
      Serout "Number: ", j, CrLf
   Goto loop

● I2C communication with external I2C devices

I2C communication can be implemented in basic programs using I2CWRITE and I2CREAD statements. Prior to using them, I2C_SDA_REG, I2C_SDA_BIT, I2C_SCL_REG and I2C_SCL_BIT parameters should be setup with DEFINE directive to define microcontroller pins connected to the SDA and SCL pins of the external I2C device. The first argument of both statements must be a constant value or Byte variable called 'slave address'. Its format is described in the datasheet of the used device. For example, for EEPROMs from 24C family (with device address inputs connected to ground) the value 0xA0 should be used for slave address parameter. Both statements will take control over bit 0 of slave address during communication. The second argument of both statements must be a Byte or Word variable (this depends on the device used) that contains the address of the location that will be accessed. If a constant value is used for address parameter it must be in Byte value range. The last argument of I2CWRITE statement is a Byte constant or variable that will be written to the specified address, and for I2CREAD statement it must be a Byte variable to store the value that will be read from the specified address. It is allowed to use more than one 'data' argument. For I2C devices that do not support data address argument there is short form of I2C statements (I2CWRITE1 and I2CREAD1) available where slave address argument is followed with one or more data arguments directly. For some I2C slave devices it is necessary to make a delay to make sure device is ready to respond to I2CREAD statement. For that purpose there is I2CREAD_DELAYUS parameter that can be set by DEFINE directive and has default value of 0 microseconds. Also, for slower I2C devices, it might be necessary to use longer clock pulses. That can be done by setting I2CCLOCK_STRETCH parameter using DEFINE directive. This parameter will set clock stretch factor. Its default value is 1. I2C statements can not be used in subroutines, also. Here is one combined example:
Example 1:
   Define I2C_SDA_REG = PORTB
   Define I2C_SDA_BIT = 0
   Define I2C_SCL_REG = PORTB
   Define I2C_SCL_BIT = 1
   Define SEROUT_REG = PORTB
   Define SEROUT_BIT = 3
   Define SEROUT_BAUD = 9600

   Dim addr As Word
   Dim data As Byte
   Dim x As Byte
   Dim x1 As Byte
   Dim x2 As Byte
   Dim x3 As Byte
   WaitMs 1000

   For addr = 0 To 31
      data = 255 - addr
      I2CWrite 0xa0, addr, data
      Gosub setx1x2x3
      Serout "Write To EEPROM: ", x1, x2, x3, CrLf
      WaitMs 1000
   Next addr

   For addr = 0 To 31
      I2CRead 0xa0, addr, data
      Gosub setx1x2x3
      Serout "Read From EEPROM: ", x1, x2, x3, CrLf
      WaitMs 1000
   Next addr
   End

   setx1x2x3:
   x1 = data / 100
   x = data Mod 100
   x2 = x / 10
   x3 = x Mod 10
   x1 = x1 + 48
   x2 = x2 + 48
   x3 = x3 + 48
   Return

There is a set of low-level I2C communication statements available, if it is needed to have more control over I2C communication process. I2CPREPARE statement with no arguments will prepare SDA and SCL lines for I2C communication. I2CSTART statement will generate start condition, and I2CSTOP statement will generate stop condition. One byte can be sent to the I2C slave using I2CSEND statement. After the statement is executed C bit in STATUS register will hold the copy of the state on the SDA line during the acknowledge cycle. There are two statements that can be used to receive one byte from I2C slave. I2CRECA or I2CRECEIVEACK will generate acknowledge signal during acknowlegde cycle after the byte is received. I2CRECN or I2CRECEIVENACK will generate not acknowledge signal during acknowlegde cycle after the byte is received. One example:
Example 2:
   Define I2C_SDA_REG = PORTB
   Define I2C_SDA_BIT = 0
   Define I2C_SCL_REG = PORTB
   Define I2C_SCL_BIT = 1

   Dim addr As Word
   Dim data1 As Byte
   Dim data2 As Byte
   Dim data3 As Byte

   addr = 0
   I2CPrepare
   I2CStart
   I2CSend 0xa0
   I2CSend addr.HB
   I2CSend addr.LB
   I2CStop
   I2CStart
   I2CSend 0xa1
   I2CReceiveAck data1
   I2CReceiveAck data2
   I2CRecN data3
   I2CStop

● Support for Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) communication

Prior to using SPI related statements, SPI interface should be set up using DEFINE directives. There are eight available parameters to define the connection of SCK, SDI, SDO and (optionally) CS lines:
SPI_SCK_REG - defines the port where SCK line is connected to
SPI_SCK_BIT - defines the pin where SCK line is connected to
SPI_SDI_REG - defines the port where SDI line is connected to
SPI_SDI_BIT - defines the pin where SDI line is connected to
SPI_SDO_REG - defines the port where SDO line is connected to
SPI_SDO_BIT - defines the pin where SDO line is connected to
SPI_CS_REG - defines the port where CS line is connected to
SPI_CS_BIT - defines the pin where CS line is connected to

The assumed settings are active-high for Clock line and active-low for ChipSelect line. That can be changed by assigning the value 1 to SPICLOCK_INVERT and/or SPICS_INVERT parameters by DEFINE directive. For slower SPI devices, it might be necessary to use longer clock pulses. The default clock stretch factor (1) can be changed by setting SPICLOCK_STRETCH parameter.

SPIPREPARE statement (no arguments) will prepare interface lines for SPI communication. SPICSON and SPICSOFF statements will enable/ disable the ChipSelect line of the interface. One byte can be sent to the SPI peripheral using SPISEND statement. To receive a byte from the peripheral SPIRECEIVE statement should be used. To send the specified number of bits there is SPISENDBITS statement available. Its first argument should be the number of bits to be sent [1-8] and the second argument is a byte variable or constant. SPI statements can not be used in subroutines. Here is one example for using 25C040 SPI eeprom:
Example 1:
   Define SPI_CS_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_CS_BIT = 0
   Define SPI_SCK_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_SCK_BIT = 1
   Define SPI_SDI_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_SDI_BIT = 2
   Define SPI_SDO_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_SDO_BIT = 3
   SPIPrepare

   Dim addr As Byte
   Dim data As Byte

   addr = 0x20
   data = %10101010
   SPICSOn
   SPISend 0x06
   SPICSOff
   SPICSOn
   SPISend 0x02
   SPISend addr
   SPISend data
   SPICSOff
   WaitMs 500

   addr = 0x20
   data = 0
   SPICSOn
   SPISend 0x03
   SPISend addr
   SPIReceive data
   SPICSOff

Here is the same example written for 93C86 Microwire EEPROM:
Example 2:
   Define SPICS_INVERT = 1
   Define SPI_CS_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_CS_BIT = 0
   Define SPI_SCK_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_SCK_BIT = 1
   Define SPI_SDI_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_SDI_BIT = 2
   Define SPI_SDO_REG = PORTC
   Define SPI_SDO_BIT = 3
   SPIPrepare

   Dim addr As Byte
   Dim data As Byte

   SPICSOn
   SPISendBits 6, %100110
   SPISendBits 8, %00000000
   SPICSOff

   addr = 10
   data = %00110011
   SPICSOn
   SPISendBits 6, %101000
   SPISendBits 8, addr
   SPISend data
   SPICSOff
   SPICSOn
   SPISend 0x00
   SPICSOff
   WaitMs 500

   addr = 10
   data = 0
   SPICSOn
   SPISendBits 6, %110000
   SPISendBits 8, addr
   SPIReceive data
   SPICSOff

● Interfacing Radio Control (R/C) servos

For writing applications to interface R/C servos there are two statements available: SERVOIN and SERVOOUT. R/C servo is controlled by a train of pulses (15-20 pulses per second) whose length define the position of the servo arm. The valid length of pulses is in the range 1-2ms. These two statements have two arguments. The first argument of both statements is the microcontroller pin where the servo signal is received or transmitted. For SERVOIN statement that pin should be previously setup as an input pin and for SERVOOUT statement the pin should be setup for output. The second argument of SERVOIN statement must be a Byte variable where the length of the pulse will be saved. The pulses are measured in 10us units, so it is possible to measure pulses in the range 0.01-2.55ms. The value stored in the variable for normal servos should be in the range 100-200. The second argument of the SERVOOUT statement should be a Byte variable or constant that determines the length of the generated pulse. For proper operation of the target servo SERVOOUT statement should be executed 15-20 times during one second. Here is an example of the servo reverse operation:
   Dim length As Byte
   TRISB.0 = 1
   TRISB.1 = 0
   loop:
      ServoIn PORTB.0, length
      If length < 100 Then length = 100
      If length > 200 Then length = 200
      length = length - 100
      length = 100 - length
      length = length + 100
      ServoOut PORTB.1, length
   Goto loop

● Interfacing Stepper Motors

Prior to using stepper motor related statements, its connection and desired drive mode should be set up using DEFINE directives. There are eight available parameters to define the connection of A, B, C and D coils:
STEP_A_REG - defines the port where A coil is connected to
STEP_A_BIT - defines the pin where A coil is connected to
STEP_B_REG - defines the port where B coil is connected to
STEP_B_BIT - defines the pin where B coil is connected to
STEP_C_REG - defines the port where C coil is connected to
STEP_C_BIT - defines the pin where C coil is connected to
STEP_D_REG - defines the port where D coil is connected to
STEP_D_BIT - defines the pin where A coil is connected to

Coils A and C are actually parts of one single coil with common connection. The same is valid for B and D coil connections. There is also STEP_MODE parameter used to define the drive mode. If it is set to 1 (default) the motor will be driven in full-step mode. The value 2 should be used for half-step mode. The first basic statement that should be used is STEPHOLD. It will configure used pins as outputs and also energize A and B coils to fix the rotor in its initial position. For moving rotor in clockwise and counterclockwise directions there are STEPCW and STEPCCW statements available. Their first argument is the number of rotor steps that will be performed and it can be Byte data type constant or variable. The second argument defines the delay between consecutive steps expressed in microseconds by a Byte or Word data type variable or constant. If using STEPCW statement results in rotor movement in counterclockwise direction then connection settings for B and D coils should be exchanged. Here are two examples (the second example uses delays suitable for simulation in the simulator):
Example 1:
   AllDigital
   ADCON0.ANS0 = 1
   Define STEP_A_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_A_BIT = 0
   Define STEP_B_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_B_BIT = 1
   Define STEP_C_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_C_BIT = 2
   Define STEP_D_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_D_BIT = 3
   Define STEP_MODE = 2

   WaitMs 1000
   StepHold
   WaitMs 1000

   Dim an2 As Word

   loop:
      Adcin 2, an2
      an2 = an2 * 200
      an2 = an2 + 2000
      StepCW 1, an2
   Goto loop

Example 2:
   AllDigital
   Define STEP_A_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_A_BIT = 0
   Define STEP_B_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_B_BIT = 1
   Define STEP_C_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_C_BIT = 2
   Define STEP_D_REG = PORTC
   Define STEP_D_BIT = 3
   Define STEP_MODE = 2

   WaitUs 300
   StepHold
   WaitUs 1000

   loop:
      StepCCW 16, 300
      WaitUs 1000
      StepCW 24, 300
      WaitUs 1000
   Goto loop